Lithium-ion battery technology is disrupting most electronic industries and will have far-reaching implications for different markets, writes Felix Frisch, VP Marketing and Sales, Epsilor Electric Fuel, an Israeli company.
One of the industries that is a on the verge of such a dramatic change in the defense sector, which is expected to witness a shift in the way batteries are used by different military systems. Lithium-ion batteries are being widely used in military applications for over a decade. These man portable applications include tactical radios, thermal imagers, ECM, ESM, and portable computing. In the next five years, the usage of lithium batteries will further expand to heavy-duty platforms, such as military vehicles, boats, shelter applications, aircraft and missiles.
This sudden change is the outcome of a combination of several factors. The market shift is inspired primarily by the phenomenal change in the global electric vehicle industry. Changes in this fast growing industry have led to a reduction in lithium based energy costs from $1,000 / kWh some ten years ago, to only $200 / kWh today. Price is expected to decrease even further to less than $100 / kWh in 2022.
Change is also the result of the availability of high-density energy sources that enable long shift silent watch and better power performance. Coupled with the latest improvements in safety and reliability of Lithium batteries, that no longer deter defense contractors and military users, li-ion batteries present these days a safe and reliable alternative to old lead-acid batteries.
The new generation of lightweight Li-Ion batteries is much more powerful than traditional lead-acid batteries offering unparalleled advantages to advanced armed forces. Take for example the military vehicle battery market. Modern lithium rechargeable technology, standardized for armored and military vehicles, is now mature enough to transition from the early adopter phase to the growth phase. Demand for such technology is growing following the launch of several major armored vehicle acquisition programs, requiring premium energy.
A superior energy density by a factor of 3, coupled with maintenance-free lithium battery with a 10-year lifetime, will significantly reduce the expensive field logistics of current vehicle batteries.
Traditional lead/acid batteries, which were introduced as early as mid 19th century, have been in use by mechanized military forces since World War One. This technology has gone through one major modernisation phase, in the 1970s, when sealed lead acid batteries (SLA), were introduced towards the end of the Vietnam War. Today’s modern armies rely on wearable computers, night-vision systems, video surveillance, software defined radios, cell phones, satellite communications, lasers, acoustic, magnetic and seismic sensors, drones, land missiles and other types of electronic equipment that are hungry for energy.
A typical NATO dismounted soldier fighting in 2004 in Iraq consumed approximately 500Wh during a 72-hour mission. Today’s high-tech dismounted soldiers consume twice as much. However, while military portable electronics are equipped with Li-Ion batteries similar to those used in PCs and home electronics, military vehicles are still equipped with 50-year-old technology. This is now changing as defense organizations are seeking better batteries for military vehicles. Their main motivation is the need to supply a myriad of electronic sensors, communication systems and weapon systems installed in armored vehicles.
Asymmetric warfare in Afghanistan, Middle East and North Africa sent classic maneuver battle to history’s graveyard and led to the emergence of a new type of armored warfare, where the battlefield is empty and the enemy operates within civil population.
Armoured forces need these days do disguise themselves and hide. This means operating their surveillance, situational awareness and weapon systems while the armored vehicle engine is shut down, widely known as “Silent Watch”. To stay silent and effective, such a vehicle cannot turn on its engine after several hours, as an onboard battery with a much higher energy density to substantially extend the hours of silent watch from four hours to at least 12 hours. In order to operate and remain silent, such a vehicle cannot turn on its engine for several hours. A lithium ion onboard battery with a much higher energy density than the incumbent Lead-Acid will substantially extend the hours of silent watch from 4 hours to at least 12 hours.
In addition, military vehicles serve as a stronghold and storage place for dismounted infantry, resupplying their water, food, ammunition and energy needs. As a result, infantry combat vehicles require triple the energy their lead-acid batteries can store. Adding additional lead/acid batteries is not a feasible alternative as the volume allocated to batteries is restricted.
A typical ICV or Main Battle Tank has between eight to ten 6T lead-acid batteries, with capability to store about 11-14 kWh of energy. This is barely enough to enable the vehicle to perform a four to five-hour silent watch mission, while a typical Middle Eastern night lasts 10 to 14 hours from darkness to dawn.
Low battery bank capacity is forcing therefore the turning on of the main engine or APU, breaking the silence by doing so, only to charge the batteries. Battery development is being driven by defence R&D organizations such as TARDEC in the US and the Tank Development Authority in Israel. These organizations are investing in the development of standard NATO size batteries (Type 6T, pictured) based on Li-ion and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) technologies.
The energy density of an advanced lead-acid 6T battery is 35Wh/kg and can perform several hundred discharging cycles. The energy density of LiFePO4 batteries already available in the market is 90Wh/kg. A Li-ion 6T battery currently stands at 160Wh/kg and will reach over 200Wh/kg in the nearest future. Moreover, LiFePO4 batteries have a life cycle of over 3,000 discharging cycles, enabling silent watch of 12 hours or more and paving the way for 10-year maintenance-free service of military vehicle batteries.
Denmark was the first to launch a procurement program of armored vehicles equipped with Lithium batteries, awarding General Dynamics European Land System a contract to provide its new Piranha 5 vehicles equipped with LiFePO4 batteries.
Other armies are expected to follow suit. It is widely believed that the Australian Land 400 program vehicles and the Frecha and Centauro II vehicles made by IVECO Defense and Leonardo for the Italian Army will be equipped with Li-ion batteries. The Israeli Eitan 8*8 vehicle is expected to be “more-electric” as the future Carmel demonstrator vehicle is expected to be hybrid. The Indian Army also wishes to acquire more than 2,600 modern infantry combat vehicles in the next decade equipped with modern lithium batteries.
Military vehicles are just the tip of the iceberg as far as change is concerned. The main drive for change is the hype generated by EVs equipped with Li-ion in general, and Tesla’s concept car in particular. Car manufacturers realize that in order to survive they need to vertically integrate and become battery manufacturers, which will serve both the automotive and energy storage industries. The cost of automotive Li-ion cells dropped from $500/kWh five years ago to $200/kWh, and is expected to continue to decline to less than $100/kWh by 2022. The energy density of Li-ion cells has improved from 200Wh/kg 10 years ago to approximately 270 Wh/kg.
Addressing safety issues related to Li-ion batteries is also in focus. Battery makers are looking at the incorporation fire suppressant materials and other novel technologies in their battery systems in order to ease adoption in the automotive and aviation industries. Smart batteries with superior energy and power densities are already here and will quickly command significant market share in defense systems that rely on portable power. The armies that will be the first to realize how they can benefit most from embracing change can use the Li-ion revolution to change completely the way battery power is used and energy is distributed and consumed.
